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Calgary Herald

Calgary Herald

The Calgary Herald is a daily Calgary, Alberta newspaper. Its major competitor is The Calgary Sun. It was first published on August 31 1883 by Andrew Armour and Thomas Braden as The Calgary Herald, Mining and Ranche Advocate and General Advertiser. It started as a weekly paper with only four pages created on a handpress. The operation was small, with a tent by the junction of the Bow and Elbow rivers serving as the office. In 1885 the Herald became a daily but it wasn't until fall 1983 that it was published 7 days a week. Until April 1985 it was an afternoon paper but it is now delivered in the mornings. In November 2000, the Herald became part of the Southam Newspapers division of CanWest Global Communications. The Herald also publishes Neighbours, a weekly community newspaper that is distributed with the Herald in some (but not all) parts of Calgary. In the spring of 2005, the Herald joined several other CanWest Global affiliates in launching Dose, a free daily newspaper targeted at 20-something commuters. On November 8, 1999, recently-unionized staff at the Herald, including reporters, went on strike. The strike lasted until July 2000, during which many longtime Herald reporters either left the newspaper or lost their jobs in the wake of the strike which ended in what was considered a defeat for the union.[http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/jul2000/calg-j04_prn.shtml] It took several years for the Herald to rebuild its readership after the strike.

External links


- [http://www.canada.com/calgary/calgaryherald/index.html The Calgary Herald] Category:Canadian newspapers Category:CanWest publications Category:Calgary media

Calgary, Alberta

:Calgary redirects here. This page refers to the city of Calgary in Alberta, Canada. For other places with the name Calgary, see Calgary (disambiguation) Calgary is a city in the province of Alberta, Canada. It is situated in the south of the province, in a region of foothills and high plains, approximately 80 km east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. As of 2004, the metropolitan population (CMA) was at an estimated 1,037,100. Calgary is the largest city in Alberta and the third largest city (proper), by population, in Canada. It serves as the hub of the fifth largest Census Metropolitan Area in the country. It is located within the relatively densely populated "Calgary-Edmonton Corridor"[http://geodepot.statcan.ca/Diss/Highlights/Page9/Page9d_e.cfm]. It is the largest Canadian metropolitan area west of Toronto and east of Vancouver. Calgary has the second highest concentration of head offices in Canada. A resident of Calgary is known as a Calgarian. Calgary is well-known as a destination for winter sports and ecotourism with a number of major mountain resorts near the city and metropolitan area. Calgary's economy is largely centred on the petroleum industry (see oilpatch), with agriculture, tourism, and the high-tech industries contributing to the city's rapid economic growth.

History

First settlement

oilpatchBefore the Calgary area was settled by Europeans, it was the domain of the Blackfoot people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years. In 1787 cartographer David Thompson spent the winter with a band of Peigan Indians encamped along the Bow River. He was the first recorded European to visit the area. By 1860 settlers began arriving to hunt buffalo and sell illegal whiskey. The first recorded settler in Calgary was rancher Sam Livingston in the early 1870s, and in 1875 the site became a post of the North West Mounted Police (now the RCMP). Originally named Fort Brisebois, after NWMP officer Éphrem-A Brisebois, it was renamed Fort Calgary in 1876 because of questionable conduct on the part of that officer. The NWMP detachment was assigned to protect the western plains from US whiskey traders. Fort Calgary was named by Colonel James Macleod after Calgary (Cala-ghearraidh, Beach of the pasture) on the Isle of Mull, Scotland. When the Canadian Pacific Railway reached the area and a rail station was constructed, Calgary began to grow into an important commercial and agricultural centre. The Canadian Pacific Railway headquarters are located in Calgary today. Calgary was officially incorporated as a town in 1884 and elected its first mayor, George Murdoch. In 1894, Calgary became the first city in what was then, the Northwest Territories.

The oil boom

Oil was first discovered in Alberta in 1914, but it didn't become a significant industry in the province until the 1960s when huge reserves of it were discovered. Calgary quickly found itself at the centre of the ensuing oil boom. The city's economy grew when oil prices increased with the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973. The population grew from 325,000 in 1974 to 647,000 in 1987. During this time, Calgary skyscrapers were constructed at a pace seen by few cities anywhere. The relatively low-rise downtown quickly became dense with tall buildings: a trend that continues to this day. Calgary's economy was so closely tied to the oil industry that the city's boom peaked with the average annual price of oil in 1981. [http://inflationdata.com/inflation/Inflation_Rate/Historical_Oil_Prices_Table.asp] The subsequent drop in oil prices and the introduction of National Energy Program, were cited by industry as reasons for a collapse in the oil industry, and consequently the overall Calgary economy. The NEP was cancelled in the mid-1980s by the Brian Mulroney federal government. But, continued low oil prices, prevented a full recovery until the 1990s.

Recent history

Brian Mulroney With the energy sector employing a huge number of Calgarians, the fallout from the economic slump of the early 1980s was understandably significant. The unemployment rate soared. By the end of the decade, however, the economy was in recovery. Calgary quickly realized that it could not afford to put so much emphasis on oil and gas, and the city has since become much more diverse, both economically and culturally. The period during this recession marked Calgary's transition from a mid-sized and relatively nondescript prairie city into a major cosmopolitan and diverse centre. This transition culminated in February of 1988, when the city hosted the XV Olympic Winter Games. The success of these games essentially put the city on the world stage. The economy in Calgary and Alberta is now booming, and the city of over a million people is still among the fastest growing in the country. In fact, Calgary is now second only to Toronto for its concentration of corporate head offices and boasts a higher GDP per capita than any other major Canadian city. While the oil and gas industry and agriculture still comprise a huge part of the economy, the city has invested a great deal into other areas. Tourism is perhaps one of the fastest growing industries in the city. Over 4.5 million people now visit the city on an annual basis for its many festivals and attractions, as well as the Calgary Stampede. The nearby mountain resort towns of Banff, Lake Louise, and Canmore are also becoming increasingly popular with tourists, and are bringing people into Calgary as a result. Other modern industries include light manufacturing, high-tech, film, transportation, and services. The city has also ranked high in quality of life surveys. In 2004, the Calgary Flames of the NHL won the Western Conference championship, only to lose to the Tampa Bay Lightning in Game 7 of the Stanley Cup Finals.

Geography

Stanley Cup Calgary is located within the foothills of the Rocky Mountains and is relatively hilly as a result. Calgary's elevation is approximately 1048 metres (3440 feet) above sea level downtown, and 1139 metres (3736 feet) at the airport. The city proper covers a land area of 721 km2 (as of 2001). There are two major rivers that run through the city. The Bow River is the largest and flows from the west to the south. The Elbow River flows northwards from the south until it converges with the Bow River near downtown. Since the climate of the region is generally dry, dense vegetation only occurs naturally in the river valleys and within Fish Creek Provincial Park, the largest urban park in Canada. The city is quite large in physical area, consisting of an inner city surrounded by various communities of decreasing density. Unlike most cities with a sizable metropolitan area, most of Calgary's suburbs are incorporated into the city proper, with the notable exceptions of the city of Airdrie to the north, Cochrane to the northwest, Strathmore to the east, and the sprawling Springbank district to the west. Though it is not technically within Calgary's metropolitan area, the town of Okotoks is only a short distance to the south and is considered a suburb as well. The Calgary Economic Region includes slightly more area that the CMA and has a population of 1,146,900. Because of the growth of the city, its southwest borders are now immediately adjacent to the Tsuu T’ina (Sarcee) Nation Native Indian reserve. Recent residential developments in the deep southwest of the city have created a need for a major roadway heading into the interior of the city, but because of complications in negotiations with the Sarcee about the construction, the much-needed construction has not yet begun.

Calgary's neighbourhoods

The downtown region of the city consists of five neighbourhoods: Eau Claire (including the Festival District), the Downtown West End, the Downtown Commercial Core, Chinatown, and the Downtown East Village (also part of the Rivers District). The commercial core is itself divided into a number of districts including the Stephen Avenue Retail Core, the Penny Lane Entertainment District, the Arts District and the Government District. Distinct from downtown and south of 9th Avenue is Calgary's densest neighbourhood, the Beltline. The area includes a number of communities such as Midtown, Victoria Crossing and a portion of the Rivers District. The Beltline is the focus of major planning and rejuvenation initiatives on the part of the municipal government to increase the density and liveliness of Calgary's centre. Adjacent to, or directly radiating from the downtown are the first of the inner-city communities. These include Crescent Heights, Sunnyside, Hounsfield Heights/Briar Hill, Hillhurst (including Kensington BRZ), Bridgeland, Renfrew, Mount Royal, Mission and Inglewood. The inner city is, in turn, surrounded by relatively dense and established neighbourhoods such as Rosedale and Mount Pleasant to the north; Bowness, Parkdale and Westgate to the west; Park Hill, South Calgary (including Marda Loop), Altadore and Killarney to the south; and Forest Lawn/International Avenue to the east. Lying beyond these, and usually separated from one another by highways, are the suburban communities, often characterized as "commuter communities". The city's deep south is probably expanding the fastest and includes communities such as Heritage Pointe and McKenzie Lake. In all, there are over 180 distinct neighbourhoods within the city limits.

Climate

Although Calgary's winters can be downright cold, Environment Canada still ranks the city as having the 3rd most temperate climate in the country (of major cities) after Victoria and Vancouver. This is due in large part to the dry Chinook winds that routinely blow into the city from the Pacific Ocean during the winter months. These winds have been known to raise the winter temperature by up to 20°C and may last several days. Nevertheless, Calgary is a city of extremes, and temperatures have ranged anywhere from a record low of −45°C in 1893 to a record high of +36°C in 1919. Although summer temperatures in the +30s are not all that uncommon, it rarely gets colder than −30°C, even in the dead of winter. On average the temperature ranges from a minimum −15°C in January to a maximum of 23°C in July and August. With an average relative humidity of 65% in the winter, Calgary is a dry city and receives very little rain or snow relative to other Canadian cities. Despite this, blizzards in the winter and thunder and hail storms in the summer are not uncommon. Calgary receives an average of 400mm (15.7in) of precipitation annually, with 301mm (11.8in) of that as rain, and the remainder as snow. Most of the precipitation occurs from May to August. Seasons
- Winter: November to mid-March.
- Spring: mid-March to May
- Summer: June to August
- Autumn: September to November Other climate periods
- Heavy snowfall season: March to early May
- Heavy rainfall month: June (known to some locals as the "monsoon month")
- Thunderstorm/hail season: late May to early September
- Chinook season: late October to early April (its effect is most pronounced in the cooler months, though Chinooks can occur at any time.)

City sights

Chinook winds Calgary's downtown can easily be recognized by its numerous skyscrapers. To connect many of the downtown office buildings, the city also boasts the world's most extensive skyway(skywalk) network (elevated indoor pedestrian bridges), officially called the +15. The name derives from the fact that the bridges are usually 15 feet above grade. The city's downtown also features an eclectic mix of restaurants and bars, cultural venues, shopping (most notably, TD Square, Calgary Eaton Centre, Stephen Avenue, and 17th Avenue), and public squares such as Olympic Plaza. Downtown tourist attractions include the Calgary Zoo, the Telus World of Science, the Telus Convention Centre, the Chinatown district, the Glenbow Museum, the Calgary Tower, the Art Gallery of Calgary (AGC), the EPCOR Centre for the Performing Arts, and Eau Claire Market. At 2.5 acres (10,000 m²), the Devonian Gardens is one of the largest urban indoor gardens in the world, and it is located on the 4th floor of TD Square (above the shopping). The downtown region is also home to Prince's Island Park, an urban park located just north of the Eau Claire district. Directly to the south of downtown is Midtown and the Beltline. This area is quickly becoming one of the city's densest and most active mixed use areas. At the district's core is the popular "17th Avenue", which is known for its many bars and nightclubs, restaurants, and shopping venues. During the Calgary Flames' playoff run in 2004, 17th Avenue was frequented by over 50,000 fans and supporters per game night. The concentration of notorious red jersey-wearing fans led to the street's playoff moniker, the Red mile. Downtown Calgary is easily accessed using the city's C-Train rapid transit system. On the west side of the city, on the banks of the Glenmore Reservoir, is Heritage Park Historical Village. Highlights include a working steam train, a historic Calgary streetcar shuttle from the lower parking lots, and an antique midway. The village is comprised of historic buildings relocated from Southern Alberta towns, or in many cases, replicas of these buildings. Other major city attractions include Canada Olympic Park (and the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame), Calaway Park amusement park, and Race City Motorsport Park. In addition to the many shopping areas in the city centre, there are a number of large suburban shopping complexes in Calgary. Among the largest are Chinook Centre and Southcentre in the south, Market Mall in the northwest, and Sunridge Mall in the northeast.

Attractions and landmarks


Calgary's skyline

Chinook Centre Calgary's skyline is very recognizable. This is due in large part to the presence of numerous skyscrapers in and around downtown. Some of these structures, such as the Calgary Tower are unique enough to be symbols of Calgary. As a major business centre with a population of just over a million people, this is not suprising. Office buildings tend to concentrate within the commercial core while residential towers occur most frequently within the Downtown West End and the Beltline, south of downtown. These buildings are iconographic of the city's booms and busts, and it is easy to recognize the various phases of development that have shaped the image of downtown. The first skyscraper building boom occured during the late 1950s and continued through to the 1970s. After 1980, during a major recession, many highrise construction projects were immediately halted. It was not until the late 1980s and through to the early 1990s that major construction began again. In total, there are 8 office towers that are 40 floors or higher. The tallest of these (the Petro-Canada Centre), is the tallest office tower in Canada outside of Toronto.

Arts and culture

Calgary's cultural scene has changed considerably since the city has grown. Today, Calgary is a modern cosmopolitan city that still retains much of its traditional culture of hotel saloons, hockey and western music. As a relatively ethnically diverse city, Calgary also has a number of major multi-cultural areas. It has one of the largest Chinatowns in Canada as well as a burgeoning “Little Italy” in the Bridgeland neighbourhood. Forest Lawn is among the most diverse areas in the city and as such, the area around 17th Avenue SE. within the neighbourhood is also known as International Avenue. The district is home to a wide variety of ethnic restaurants and stores. Calgary is the site of the Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium, a 4 million cubic foot (113,000 m3) performing arts, culture and community facility. The auditorium is one of two "twin" facilities in the province, the other located in Edmonton. The 2,700-seat auditorium was opened in 1957 and has been host to hundreds of Broadway musical, theatrical, stage and local productions. Annually, over 850,000 visitors frequent the performance space. The "Jubes" as they are known, are the resident home of the Alberta Ballet, the Calgary opera, the Kiwanis Music Festival, and the annual Canadian Legion Remembrance Day Ceremonies. The two auditoria are run by community-based non-profit societies and operate 365 days a year. The two auditoria have recently completed a $91 million renovation. They reopened on the Province's Centennial, September 1, 2005. Remembrance Day Calgary is also home to the internationally-renowned contemporary theatre company, One Yellow Rabbit. The company shares the massive EPCOR Centre for the Performing Arts with the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra and two more established theatre companies, Theatre Calgary and Alberta Theatre Projects. Calgary was also the birthplace of the improvisational theatre games known as Theatresports. The Calgary International Film Festival is also held in the city annually. The city is also home to several museums. The most well known of these, the Glenbow Museum is the largest in western Canada and includes an art gallery. Other major museums include the largest Chinese Cultural Centre in North America, the Canadian Olympic Hall of Fame (at Canada Olympic Park), the Museum of the Regiments, and the Aero Space Museum. There are also a number of art galleries in the city and many of them are concentrated along the Stephen Avenue and 17th Avenue corridors. The largest of these is the Art Gallery of Calgary (AGC). Calgary is affectionately called the Nashville of the North, and took a large part in the country revival of the 1990s. Currently, some of the city's most popular bars trade on the image of cool country, playing contemporary country music to young twenty-somethings. Calgary also holds many major annual festivals including, The Calgary Stampede, the Folk Music Festival, The Lilac Festival, and the second largest Caribbean festival in the country (Carifest). Calgary is also home to a thriving all-ages music scene.

The Stampede

The city is famous for the Calgary Stampede, a very large agricultural fair and rodeo every July. The Stampede officially bills itself as "The Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth". It features an internationally recognized rodeo competition, a midway, stage shows, agricultural competitions, chuckwagon races, First Nations exhibitions, and pancake breakfasts around the city, among other attractions. It is among the largest and most well known festivals in Canada. The event has a 93 year history. The Calgary Stampede was inaugurated in 1912 by Guy Weadick, an American trick roper. Weadick wanted to put on a world-class rodeo event and Wild West show that would bring the best cowboys from across the continent. The first Stampede was the richest rodeo competition in North America with prize money totaling $20,000. It drew more than 100,000 spectators. In 1923, the Stampede was combined with the Calgary Exhibition and the chuckwagon races were added. In 2004, the rodeo prize money was doubled to $1 million to put the Stampede on par with other major rodeos such as the National Finals Rodeo. In 2005, attendance at the 10-day rodeo and exhibition totalled 1,242,928, which set a new record. Attendance at the "Stampede Parade" (North America's second longest parade), which takes place downtown on opening day is usually somewhere between 300,000 and 400,000. During Stampede Week, many of the city's residents dress in country attire, and many businesses decorate their stores and offices in this "western" style.

Other annual festivals

Guy Weadick]
- Winter Festival (February)
- Rodeo Royal (March)
- Calgary Independent Film Festival (March)
- Visaki Mela (Punjabi Spring Harvest Festival) (May)
- International Children's Festival (May)
- 4th Street Lilac Festival (May)
- Carifest (June)
- Banff World Television Festival (June)
- International Jazz Festival (June)
- Greek Festival (June)
- Chariot Festival of India (July)
- Folk Music Festival (July)
- Heritage Day (August)
- Dragonboat Festival (August)
- Afrikadey! (August)
- International Reggae Festival (August)
- GlobalFest - One World Festival and International Fireworks Competition (August)
- Expo Latino (August)
- Barbecue on the Bow (September)
- Artcity - Festival of Art, Design and Architecture (September)
- Calgary International Film Festival (September / October)
- Banff Festival of Mountain Films (October)
- Twelve Days of Christmas (December)

Demographics

According the 2001 Statistics Canada federal census, there were 878,866 people living within the City of Calgary proper. Of this population, 49.9 per cent were male and 50.1 per cent were female. Children under five accounted for approximately 6.0 per cent of the resident population of Calgary. This compares with 6.2 per cent in Alberta, and almost 5.6 per cent for Canada overall. In 2001, 9.0 per cent of the resident population in Calgary were of retirement age (65 and over for males and females) compared with 13.2 per cent in Canada, therefore, the average age is 34.9 years of age comparing to 37.6 years of age for all of Canada. In the five years between 1996 and 2001, Calgary's population grew by 15.8 percent. This is contrasted with an increase of 10.3 percent for the province of Alberta. The population density of Calgary averaged 1,252.3 persons per square kilometre, compared with an average of 4.6, for the province.
- Caucasian: 688,465 or 79.0%
- Chinese: 51,540 or 5.9%
- Other Asian (Including East Indian): 59,295 or 6.8%
- Aboriginal: 19,765 or 2.3%
- Filipino: 16,245 or 1.9%
- Black: 13,370 or 1.5%
- Latin American: 8,525 or 1.0%
- Other: 18,955 or 2.2% (based on single responses) Calgary is the main city of Census Division No. 6 and the Calgary Regional Partnership. Statistics are from the 2001 Statistics Canada census [http://www.statcan.ca/].

Political scene

Statistics Canada style, made of sandstone, and featuring a 70 foot clock tower.]] Calgary is traditionally a conservative city, dominated by traditional small-c social conservatives and more modern fiscal conservatives. As the city is a corporate power-centre, a high percentage of the workforce is employed in white-collar jobs. During the 1990s the city's mainstream political culture was dominated by the right-wing Reform Party of Canada federally, and the Alberta Progressive Conservatives provincially. The Reform Party was founded in Calgary. However, as Calgary has grown, its politics have become diverse. One growing alternative movement was recently active during the 2000 World Petroleum Congress demonstrations and the J26 G8 2002 protests. Protesters were a mix of locals and outsiders. In early 2003 in response to the War on Iraq, according to organizers, 5,000 to 10,000 people from southern Alberta, and elsewhere, converged outside the U.S. Consulate General's office. The city has chapters of various activist organizations, as well as an Anti-Capitalist Convergence. Left-wing provincial and federal Liberals tend to distance themselves from the activist movement which also claims support from the left. The Green Party of Canada has also made inroads in Calgary, although they have never achieved more than five per cent of the popular vote in any city riding. Another alternative, represented by the right-wing Alberta Alliance, became active during the 26th Alberta general election and campaigned for fiscally and socially conservative reforms, and has managed a growing percentage of support in the past Provincial election. Prior to the November 22, 2004 General Election, all 21 provincial MLAs representing Calgary were Progressive Conservatives. The province's premier and leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Alberta, Ralph Klein, has his seat in Calgary. The Alberta Liberals won three seats in the provincial legislature during that election, two of which were new as a result of redistricting. Currently, all eight of Calgary's federal MPs are members of the Conservative Party of Canada. The CPC's predecessors have traditionally held the majority of the city's federal seats. The federal electoral district of Calgary-Southwest is currently held by the CPC leader Stephen Harper. Coincidentally, the same seat was also held by Preston Manning, the leader of the Reform Party of Canada, a predecessor of CPC. Joe Clark, former Prime Minister and former leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (also a predecessor of the CPC), held the seat in the now-abolished riding of Calgary Centre.

Contemporary issues

As a city that has experienced rapid growth in recent years, Calgary is having its share of growing pains. Among the most significant is that of urban sprawl. With no geographical barriers to its growth besides the Tsuu T'ina First Nation to the southwest and an affluent population that can afford large homes and properties, the city now has only a slightly smaller urban footprint than that of New York City and its boroughs, despite having less than one-eighth the population of New York City proper. This has led to difficulties in providing necessary transportation to Calgary’s population, both in the form of roadways and public transit. The result has also been a downtown which has traditionally lacked life on the evenings and weekends. It has also led to a somewhat misguided interpretation of the city as being a “driver’s city”. With the redevelopment of the Beltline and the Downtown East Village at the forefront, efforts are underway to vastly increase the density of the inner city, but the sprawl continues nevertheless. Calgary has also struggled to find its own unique identity. On the one hand, it has relentlessly tried to maintain its western heritage. This has led to the popular nickname, "Cowtown". At the same time, the city has branded itself as being a modern economic and business centre. In recent years, Calgary has also become one of Canada's most cosmopolitan cities and has been quickly evolving into a major cultural centre. These very different images have often resulted in ambiguity and confusion with regard to the direction of Calgary's continued development. Even though Calgary has a relatively low crime rate when compared to other cities in North America, gangs and drug-related crime are becoming much larger issues than they have been in the past. Gang “warfare” is becoming more common all the time and contributes to a number of homicides in the city annually. Drug busts (particularly of Marijuana grow operations) are also becoming very common, especially in suburban communities where anonymity is possible. More socioeconomic issues have also found their way into the city’s urban fabric in recent history. As the population grows, so does the rate of poverty and homelessness in the city. Certain neighbourhoods along with portions of downtown have commonly been singled out as being home to much higher proportions of disadvantaged residents. Many neighbourhoods in the city’s east have been particularly (and perhaps unfairly) stereotyped this way.

Education

downtown In the year 2005 roughly 97,000 students attended K-12 in about 215 schools in the English language public school system run by the Calgary Board of Education.[http://www.cbe.ab.ca/media/facts.asp] Another 43,000 attend about 93 schools in the separate English language Calgary Catholic School District board.[http://www.cssd.ab.ca/schools/index.shtml] The much smaller francophone community has their own French language school boards (public and Catholic), which are both based in Calgary, but serve a larger regional district. Also, there are now several public charter schools in the city. Calgary has a number of unique schools, including the country's first high school exclusively designed for Olympic calibre athletes, the National Sport School. Calgary is the site of five major public post-secondary institutions. The University of Calgary is Calgary's primary large degree-granting facility. Currently, nearly 30,000 students are enrolled there. Mount Royal College is the city's second largest institution (13,000 students), and it grants degrees in a number of fields. Bow Valley College's main campus is located downtown and provides training in business, technology, and the liberal arts for about 10,000 students (the college has three campuses in Calgary and numerous in the region). The Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT) provides polytechnic education. The Alberta College of Art and Design (ACAD) is located in Calgary. In addition, the University of Lethbridge has a satellite campus in the city. The new St. Mary's University College is a private Catholic liberal arts institution located in the south part of the city. There are also a number of other smaller private colleges in the city. Calgary is also home to DeVry Career College's only Canadian campus. Calgary was also the home of the Milton Wiliams School for Education Through the Arts, a national centre of excellence in arts immersion education for children between the fifth and ninth grades; however, in early 2005, the aging school was demolished. However, the school is still active on the grounds of the Willow Park Elementary School.

Sports and recreation

DeVry Career College's DeVry Career College'sCalgary hosted the 1988 Winter Olympic Games. Many of the Olympic facilities continue to function as major high performance training facilities for athletes around the world. Among the most notable of these are Canada Olympic Park and the Olympic Oval. Calgary's multipurpose arena, the Pengrowth Saddledome is shown at the right. The Olympic Saddledome (as it was formerly known) was the first modern arena in North America capable of accommodating an Olympic regulation-sized ice rink. Calgary's primary open-air stadium, McMahon Stadium, was the site of the opening and closing ceremonies of the Olympics and is currently the venue for Calgary's Canadian Football League team, the Calgary Stampeders. The stadium has a capacity of nearly 40,000 and is the fifth largest in Canada. The Olympic Oval is primarily a speed-skating arena that can also accommodate hockey and high-performance training. The rink's ice is world-renowned, and it brings some of the best speed skaters in the world to the facility for training and competition. It was at this place where the likes of Catriona LeMay Doan and Cindy Klassen trained for their Olympic and world stardom. Calgary is also the home of "The Dungeon", the pro wrestling training camp founded by the late Stu Hart. Two of Hart's sons trained there & went to be some of the greatest competitors the sport has ever seen: Brett Hart & the late Owen Hart. Many Canadian wrestlers trained at the Dungeon, including Chris Jericho, Chris Benoit, & fellow Calgary native, Lance Storm.

Current professional franchises

Logo Club League Venue Established Championships
Calgary Stampeders Canadian Football League McMahon Stadium 1935 5
McMahon Stadium Calgary Flames National Hockey League Pengrowth Saddledome 1972 as Atlanta Flames 1
Atlanta Flames Calgary Roughnecks National Lacrosse League Pengrowth Saddledome 2001 1

Amateur teams


- Calgary Vipers (Baseball/Northern League)
- Calgary Dawgs (Baseball/Western Major Baseball League)
- Calgary Hitmen (Hockey/Western Hockey League)
- Calgary Canucks (Hockey/Alberta Junior Hockey League)
- Calgary Royals (Hockey/Alberta Junior Hockey League)
- Calgary Oval X-treme (Hockey/Western Women's Hockey League)

Outdoor recreation

Calgary is next to some of the most pristine natural scenery in the world. Banff National Park is about 125 km northwest of Calgary on the Trans-Canada Highway. 30 km west of the city is the town of Bragg Creek (and region). Another 45 km west of Bragg Creek is the Kananaskis Country improvement district. Many Calgarians and millions of tourists enjoy activities such as biking, hiking, skiing, snowboarding, camping, and fishing in these great parks every year. The town of Banff hosts nearly five million visitors annually. Within Calgary itself, people make extensive use of the city's network of bike paths and large urban parks. For more extreme adventure, Canada Olympic Park offers [http://www.telusplanet.net/public/oaneale/ bobsledding], luge, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, downhill skiing, and snowboarding in the winter. The Bow River is very popular among fly-fishermen. Golfing is also an extremely popular activity for Calgarians and the region has a very large number of courses.

Major parks in Calgary and vicinity


- Fish Creek Provincial Park, Canada's only provincial park located within a major city
- Nose Hill Park
- Inglewood Bird Sanctuary
- Stanley Park
- Prince's Island Park
- Prairie Winds Park
- Bowness Park
- Prince's Island Park
- Edworthy Park
- Confederation Park
- Kananaskis Country Provincial Improvemend District, approximately 60 km to the west and southwest
- Banff National Park, approximately 130 km to the west, UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Jasper National Park, UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Yoho National Park, UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Kootenay National Park, UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Dinosaur Provincial Park, UNESCO World Heritage Site
- Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park

Transportation

Calgary is a major Canadian transportation centre and a central cargo hub for freight into and out of north-western North America[http://www.calgaryairport.com/document.cfm?did=700]. The city also sits at the junction between the "Canamex" highway system and the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1 in Alberta). The Calgary International Airport serves the city as well as the international traffic for Alberta and Saskatchewan. The airport saw 9.1 million passenger movements in 2004. In December of that same year, it was the third busiest airport in Canada after Toronto Pearson International Airport and the Vancouver International Airport. It is marginally busier than Montreal's Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport. It is one of Canada's busiest cargo airports as well. Calgary is also by far, the largest Canadian city without any intercity passenger rail service as all VIA Rail service to the city was terminated in the late 80's and early 90's by the Conservative government. Calgary's mass transit system is operated by Calgary Transit. The light rail transit (LRT) system, known as the C-Train, in the city consists of 42.1 km of track connecting 36 stations and was one of the first such systems in North America. Until very recently, Calgary and Edmonton were the only two, under 1 million population cities in North America, to operate mass rapid transit systems. The Whitehorn-City Centre line serves downtown and the Northeast, while the Dalhousie-Somerset line runs between the Northwest and South Calgary via Downtown. Travel between stations along 7th Avenue in downtown is free-of-charge. Unique to the C-Train system, its power is completely wind generated and is thus completely free of emissions. As well as the LRT, Calgary Transit has an effective system of buses, and has routes stretching all over the city. It has won several prestigious awards for its efficiency and its environmental responsibility. It consists of over 160 bus routes and three C-Train lines (two routes) stretching over 4,500 km. The City of Calgary maintains an impressive network of paved bicycle paths. The dedicated path network in Calgary is among the most expansive in North America and spans 583km. There are also about 200km of bike lanes. A PDF [http://www.calgary.ca/docgallery/BU/engineering_services/emaps/bicycle_pathways_map_2002.pdf Map] is available from the [http://www.calgary.ca City of Calgary Website]. The pathways connect many of the city's parks, the river valley, residential neighbourhoods, and downtown. Even the airport is on the path network. Thousands of people make year-round use these paths for walking, running, and cycling to various destinations, including to work. Calgary's system of elevated walkways or skyways downtown (known as the +15 system) is the most extensive in the world. These walkways not only serve to connect buildings, but also contain restaurants, shops, and services. The system is 16 kilometres long. Calgary has an extensive, efficient, and well-maintained street network. Smaller roads are supplemented with a number of major arteries and freeways, the largest of which is the north-south running Deerfoot Trail (Queen Elizabeth II Highway/Highway 2). Other major expressways include Glenmore Trail, Macleod Trail (although it is only a principal arterial road north of Anderson Road), named for one of the city founders, Colonel James MacLeod, and Crowchild Trail, named for the 1800s Blackfoot leader Chief Crowchild. Note that the vast majority (but not all) of the main expressways and freeways are Trails, as well as some of the main arterial roads that do not fit in the numbering grid. The city is divided into four quadrants, commonly known as the Northeast, the Northwest, the Southeast and the Southwest. Traditionally, Calgary's roads were built on a grid system with numbered Streets (running north-south) and Avenues (running east-west) on a quadrant system, with most addresses ending in suffixes NW, NE, SE or SW. The central point of the quadrant system is the Centre Street Bridge, with Centre Street and Centre Avenue forming the boundaries (although the points vary; most of the south end has Macleod Trail as a boundary, except near Chinook Centre where Macleod dives westward slightly; in the west end, the Bow River forms the boundary for the most part). An interesting quirk is that the numbers actually start at 100 for addresses on Avenues and 0 for addresses on Streets. For example, [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=550+8+Ave+SW,+Calgary,+AB&hl=en 550 8th Avenue SW] is between 4th and 5th Street SW and [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=550+8+St+SW,+Calgary,+AB&hl=en 550 8th Street SW] is between 5th and 6th Avenue SW. Numbered roads exist all the way into the suburban and rural areas outside the city, although those are mixed in with named streets and only used when they roughly fall in place on the grid.

Industry and employment

Despite much diversification in recent years, Calgary's economy is still dominated by the oil and gas industry. The larger companies include EnCana, Petro-Canada, Shell Canada, Imperial Oil, Suncor Energy, and TransCanada. In 1996, Canadian Pacific Railway moved its head office to Calgary, and is now among the city's top employers. Furthermore, in 2005, Imperial Oil moved its headquarters from Toronto to Calgary, relocating roughly 400 families in the process. Other large employers include the Forzani Group, ATCO, Fluor Canada, Shaw Cable and Westjet Office space totals about 50 million square feet in the city (32 million are within the downtown commercial core).

Military presence

Despite the 1995 closing of Canadian Forces Base Calgary, the city is still home to a significant military presence, including HMCS Tecumseh (Naval Reserve), the HMCS Tecumseh Band, and the 746th Communications Squadron (Communications Reserve). Several units of the Army Reserve are located in Calgary, including:
- Headquarters, 41 Canadian Brigade Group
- The King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC)
- Regimental Band of The King's Own Calgary Regiment (RCAC)
- 33 Field Engineer Squadron (Canadian Military Engineers)
- The Calgary Highlanders
- [http://www.calgaryhighlanderpipeband.ca Regimental Pipes and Drums of The Calgary Highlanders]
- 14 (Calgary) Service Battalion
- Calgary Detachment, 15 Field Ambulance (Canadian Forces Medical Service)
- Militia Training Detachment Calgary Additionally, there are several squadrons of the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets, Navy League Cadets, Royal Canadian Army Cadets, and Royal Canadian Air Cadets.

Local media

Daily newspapers


- Calgary Herald - The largest newspaper in Calgary. Generally conservative, covers more world news than the Calgary Sun. Owned by CanWest Global Communications.
- Calgary Sun - A division of SUNMEDIA, a Quebecor company. Tabloid format, focus on local news, sports and entertainment.
- FFWD - Weekly alternative arts paper.
- Dose - Free daily paper published by CanWest Global Communications.

Radio stations

AM


- 580 - CKUA - public broadcasting (province-wide frequency)
- 660 - CFFR - oldies
- 770 - CHQR - talk radio
- 910 - CKDQ - country music, broadcasting from Drumheller
- 960 - CFAC - "The Fan" sports
- 1010 - CBR - CBC Radio One
- 1060 - CKMX - classic country music
- 1140 - CHRB - religious programming, broadcasting from High River

FM


- 88.1 - C??? - Aboriginal Voices
- 88.9 - CJSI - Shine FM Christian music
- 89.7 - CBCX - Espace Musique
- 90.9 - CJSW - University of Calgary
- 91.1 - CKDQ - Q91 country, broadcasting from Drumheller
- 92.1 - CJAY - CJAY92 rock, alternative, and classic rock
- 93.7 - CKUA - public broadcasting
- 94.7 - CHKF - Asian Canadian community
- 95.9 - CHFM - Lite 96 adult contemporary
- 96.9 - CKIS - Jack FM hot adult contemporary
- 98.5 - CIBK - Vibe 98.5 hit music

August 31

August 31 is the 243rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (244th in leap years), with 122 days remaining, as the final day of August.

Events


- 1056 - Byzantine Empress Theodora dies suddenly without children to succeed the throne, ending the Macedonian dynasty
- 1864 - American Civil War: Union forces led by General William T. Sherman launch an assault on Atlanta, Georgia.
- 1876 - Ottoman sultan Murat V is deposed and succeeded by his brother Abd-ul-Hamid II.
- 1886 - Earthquake kills 100 in Charleston, South Carolina
- 1888 - Mary Ann Nicholls is murdered. She is perhaps the first of Jack the Ripper's victims
- 1895 - John Brallier is paid US$10 plus expenses to play football for the Latrobe, Pennsylvania YMCA, making him the first professional football player.
- 1897 - Thomas Edison patents the Kinetoscope, the first movie projector.
- 1907 - England, Russia and France form the Triple Entente alliance.
- 1914 - Ecuador becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- 1915 - Brazil becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
- 1920 - Polish-Bolshevik War: A decisive Polish victory in the Battle of Komarów.
- 1920 - First news radio program broadcast in Detroit, Michigan.
- 1931 - Production of Ford Motor Company's Ford Modelends, with 4.3 million produced.
- [[1939]] - [[Nazi Germany mounts a staged attack on Gleiwitz radio station, giving them an excuse to attack Poland the following day, starting World War II.
- 1943 - The USS Harmon, the first U.S. Navy ship to be named for a black person, is commissioned.
- 1945 - The Liberal Party of Australia is founded by Robert Menzies.
- 1957 - The Federation of Malaya gains its independence from the United Kingdom.
- 1962 - Trinidad and Tobago become independent.
- 1965 - The Aero Spacelines Super Guppy Aircraft makes it's first flight.
- 1978 - William and Emily Harris, founders of the Symbionese Liberation Army, plead guilty to the 1974 kidnapping of newspaper heiress Patricia Hearst.
- 1980 - The Solidarity trade union is formed in Poland.
- 1985 - Richard Ramirez, the "Night Stalker" serial killer, is arrested in Los Angeles, California.
- 1986 - An Aeroméxico Douglas DC-9 collides with a Piper PA-28 over Cerritos, California, killing 67 in the air and 15 on the ground.
- 1986 - The Soviet passenger liner Admiral Nakhimov sinks in the Black Sea after colliding with the bulk carrier Pyotr Vasev, killing 398.
- 1989 - Buckingham Palace officials confirm that Princess Anne and Captain Mark Phillips are to be separated.
- 1991 - Kyrgyzstan declares its independence from the Soviet Union.
- 1992 - Pascal Lissouba is inaugurated as the President of the Republic of the Congo after a multiparty presidential election, ending a long history of one-party oppressive rule under the Congolese Workers Party.
- 1994 - The Provisional Irish Republican Army declares a ceasefire.
- 1997 - Diana, Princess of Wales, dies in a car crash in Paris.
- 1998 - North Korea reportedly launchs Kwangmyongsong, its first satellite.
- 1999 - The first of a series of Russian Apartment Bombings in Moscow, killing one person and wounding 40 others.
- 2004 - Mel Gibson's film The Passion of the Christ is released on DVD and VHS in stores across the United States, selling approximately 4.1 million copies by the end of the day.
- 2005 - A stampede on Al-Aaimmah bridge in Baghdad kills 1,199 people.

Births


- 12 - Gaius Caligula, Roman Emperor (d. 41)
- 161 - Commodus, Roman Emperor (d. 192)
- 1569 - Jahangir, Mughal Emperor of India (d. 1627)
- 1663 - Guillaume Amontons, French physicist and instrument maker (d. 1705)
- 1721 - George Hervey, 2nd Earl of Bristol, British statesman (d. 1775)
- 1811 - Theophile Gautier, French poet and novelist (d. 1872)
- 1821 - Hermann von Helmholtz, German physician (d. 1894)
- 1834 - Amilcare Ponchielli, Italian composer (d. 1886)
- 1870 - Maria Montessori, Italian educator (d. 1952)
- 1878 - Frank Jarvis, American athlete (d. 1933)
- 1879 - Alma Mahler, wife of Gustav Mahler, Walter Gropius, and Franz Werfel (d. 1964)
- 1880 - Queen Wilhelmina I of the Netherlands (d. 1962)
- 1885 - DuBose Heyward, American playwright (d. 1940)
- 1897 - Fredric March, American actor (d. 1975)
- 1903 - Arthur Godfrey, American television host (d. 1983)
- 1907 - Ramon Magsaysay, President of the Philippines (d. 1957)
- 1907 - William Shawn, American editor (d. 1992)
- 1908 - William Saroyan, American novelist and playwright (d. 1981)
- 1913 - Sir Bernard Lovell, British radio astronomer
- 1914 - Richard Basehart, American actor (d. 1984)
- 1916 - Daniel Schorr, American journalist
- 1918 - Alan Jay Lerner, American composer (d. 1986)
- 1924 - Buddy Hackett, American actor and comedian (d. 2003)
- 1928 - James Coburn, American actor (d. 2002)
- 1931 - Noble Willingham, American actor (d. 2004)
- 1935 - Frank Robinson, baseball player and manager
- 1935 - Eldridge Cleaver, American political activist (d. 1998)
- 1938 - Martin Bell, British journalist and politician
- 1945 - Van Morrison, Irish musician
- 1945 - Itzhak Perlman, Israeli violinist
- 1948 - Lowell Ganz, American screenwriter
- 1948 - Rudolf Schenker, German guitarist (Scorpions)
- 1949 - Richard Gere, American actor
- 1949 - H. David Politzer, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1953 - György Károly, Hungarian author
- 1956 - Masashi Tashiro, Japanese television performer
- 1958 - Edwin Moses, American athlete
- 1961 - Anri, Japanese Singer
- 1968 - Todd Carty, British actor
- 1970 - Deborah Gibson, American singer
- 1970 - Queen Rania, Queen of Jordan and wife of King Abdullah II
- 1972 - Chris Tucker, American actor
- 1977 - Jeff Hardy, American professional wrestler
- 1977 - Craig Nicholls, Australian singer, songwriter, and guitarist (The Vines)
- 1982 - Jose Reina, Spanish footballer

Deaths


- 651 - Saint Aidan of Lindisfarne, Irish bishop and missionary
- 1056 - Theodora, Byzantine Empress (b. 981)
- 1234 - Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (b. 1212)
- 1372 - Ralph Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, English soldier (b. 1301)
- 1422 - King Henry V of England (b. 1387)
- 1645 - Francesco Bracciolini, Italian poet (b. 1566)
- 1654 - Ole Worm, Danish physician (b. 1588)
- 1688 - John Bunyan, English writer (b. 1628)
- 1741 - Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (b. 1681)
- 1772 - William Borlase, English naturalist (b. 1695)
- 1782 - George Croghan, American colonist
- 1795 - François-André Danican Philidor, French chess player (b. 1726)
- 1799 - Nicolas-Henri Jardin, French architect (b. 1720)
- 1814 - Arthur Phillip, British admiral, first Governor of New South Wales (b. 1738)
- 1867 - Charles Baudelaire, French poet (b. 1821)
- 1920 - Wilhelm Wundt, German psychologist (b. 1832)
- 1941 - Marina Tsvetaeva, Russian poet (b. 1892)
- 1963 - Georges Braque, French painter (b. 1882)
- 1967 - Ilya Ehrenburg, Russian writer (b. 1891)
- 1969 - Rocky Marciano, American boxer (b. 1923)
- 1973 - John Ford, American film director (b. 1894)
- 1979 - Sally Rand, American dancer and actress (b. 1904)
- 1985 - Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australian biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1899)
- 1986 - Henry Moore, English sculptor (b. 1898)
- 1986 - Urho Kekkonen, President of Finland (b. 1900)
- 1997 - Diana, Princess of Wales (automobile accident) (b. 1961)
- 1997 - Dodi Fayed, Egyptian-born film producer (automobile accident) (b. 1955)
- 2002 - Lionel Hampton, American vibraphone player (b. 1908)
- 2002 - George Porter, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
- 2004 - Carl Wayne, English singer (b. 1943)
- 2005 - Józef Rotblat, Polish physicist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1908)
- 2005 - Michael Sheard, British actor (b. 1940)

Holidays and observances


- Calendar of Saints - Saint Aidan of Lindisfarne, San Abbondio, Saint Raymond Nonnatus
- Moldova: Day of Our Language (Limba Noastra)
- Malaysia - Hari Merdeka, a National Day (independence within the Commonwealth, 1957)
- Kyrgyzstan - Independence Day (from USSR, 1991)
- Trinidad and Tobago - Independence Day (from Great Britain, 1962)
- United Kingdom - the cut-off day which defines the school year for pupils.

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/31 BBC: On This Day] ----- August 30 - September 1 - July 31 - September 30 -- listing of all days ko:8월 31일 ms:31 Ogos ja:8月31日 simple:August 31 th:31 สิงหาคม

1883

1883 was a common year starting on Monday (see link for calendar).

Events


- January 10 - A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee kills 71
- January 16 - The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, establishing the United States Civil service, is passed
- January 19 - The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires begins service (Roselle, New Jersey) It was built by Thomas Edison.
- February 16 - Ladies Home Journal is published for the first time.
- February 23 - Alabama becomes the first U.S. state to enact an antitrust law.
- February 28 - The first vaudeville theater is opened, in Boston, Massachusetts.
- March - An Australian Catholic school, Star of the Sea College is founded in Elsternwick, Victoria (now known as Gardenstown) by the Irish Presentation Sisters.
- May 24 - Brooklyn Bridge is opened to traffic after 14 years of construction.
- May 30 - In New York City, a rumor that the Brooklyn Bridge was going to collapse causes a stampede which crushes twelve people.
- June 30 - First appearance of The Black Arrow by Robert Louis Stevenson as a serial in Young Folks; A Boys' and Girls' Paper of Instructive and Entertaining Literature
- July 3 - SS Daphne disaster in Glasgow leaves 124 dead.
- July 4 - Worlds first rodeo held in Pecos, TX.
- July 22 – Zulu king Cetshwayo barely escapes rebel attack with his life.
- August - King William's College is opened on the Isle of Man.
- August 12 - The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam.
- August 26 - 28 - Krakatau volcano eruption (local time)- 163 villages destroyed, 36380 dead.
- September 15 - The Bombay Natural History Society is founded.
- September 29 - A consortium of flour mill operators in Minneapolis, Minnesota form the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie and Atlantic Railway as a means to get their product to the Great Lakes ports but avoid the high tariffs of Chicago, Illinois.
- October 1 - Sydney Boys High School is founded in Sydney, Australia. It is the first boys public school in Australia.
- October 15 - The Supreme Court of the United States declares part of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional since it allowed individuals and corporations to discriminate based on race.
- October 20 - Peru and Chile signed the Treaty of Ancón, by which the Tarapacá province was ceded to the latter, bringing an end to Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific.
- October 30 - Two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London underground, injuring several people. Next day Home Secretary Vernon Harcourt drafts 300 policemen to guard the underground and introduces the Explosives Bill. Public continues as before.
- November 3 - American Old West: Self-described "Black Bart the Po-8" gets away with his last stagecoach robbery, but leaves an incriminating clue that eventually leads to his capture.
- November 18 - US and Canadian railroads institute five standard continental time zones, ending the confusion of thousands of local times.
- November 28 - Whitman College is chartered as a four-year college in Walla Walla, Washington.

Unknown date


- Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (German.bacteriologist) discovers the cholera bacillus.
- Antonio Gaudi begins to build Sagrada Familia cathedral.
- Fabian Society founded.
- Orient Express begins operation.

Births

January-June


- January 3 - Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1967)
- January 6 - Khalil Gibran, Lebanese poet, painter, and novelist (d. 1931)
- January 10 - Francis X. Bushman, American actor (d. 1966)
- January 10 - Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoi, Russian writer (d. 1945)
- January 21 - Olav Aukrust, Norwegian poet (d. 1929)
- February 15 - Sax Rohmer, English author (d. 1959)
- February 7 - Eubie Blake, American musician and composer (d. 1983)
- February 22 - Marguerite Clark, American silent film actress (d. 1940)
- February 23 - Karl Jaspers, German philosopher (d. 1969)
- February 23 - Victor Fleming, American film director (d. 1949)
- March 19 - Walter Haworth, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950)
- March 19 - Joseph Stilwell, American soldier (d. 1946)
- April 1 - Lon Chaney, Sr., American actor (d. 1930)
- April 11 - Hozumi Shigeto, Japanese author (d. 1951)
- April 15 - Stanley Bruce, eighth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1967)
- April 30 - Jaroslav Hašek, Czech writer (d. 1923)
- May 1 - Tom Moore, Irish actor (d. 1955)
- May 18 - Walter Gropius, German architect (d. 1969)
- May 20 - King Faisal I of Iraq (d. 1933)
- May 21 - Swan Glassey, inventor (d. 1962)
- May 23 - Douglas Fairbanks, American actor (d. 1939)
- May 31 - Lauri Kristian Relander, President of Finland (d. 1942)
- June 5 - John Maynard Keynes, English economist (d. 1946)
- June 7 - Sylvanus G. Morley, American scholar and World War I spy (d. 1948)
- June 21 - Lluís Companys i Jover, President of Catalonia (d. 1940)
- June 24 - Victor Franz Hess, Austrian-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1964)
- June 28 - Pierre Laval, Prime Minister of France (d. 1945)

July-December


- July 3 - Franz Kafka, Austrian writer (d. 1924)
- July 4 - Rube Goldberg, American cartoonist (d. 1970)
- July 29 - Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian writer (d. 1942)
- July 29 - Benito Mussolini, dictator of Italy (d. 1945)
- August 19 - Elsie Ferguson, American actress (d. 1961)
- August 23 - Jesse Pennington, English footballer (d. 1970)
- August 23 - Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV, American general (d. 1953)
- August 30 - Theo van Doesburg, Dutch artist, painter, architect, and poet (d. 1931)
- September 15 - Esteban Terradas i Illa, Catalan mathematician, scientist, and engineer (d. 1950)
- October 8 - Otto Heinrich Warburg, German phsyician and physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970)
- October 26 - Paul Pilgrim, American athlete (d. 1958)
- November 4 - Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician (d. 1953)
- November 8 - Arnold Bax, English composer (d. 1953)
- November 11 - Ernest Ansermet, Swiss conductor (d. 1969)
- November 18 - Carl Vinson, U. S. Congressman (d. 1981)
- November 25 - Harvey Spencer Lewis, American Rosicrucian mystic (d. 1939)
- November 25 - Merrill C. Meigs, American newspaper publisher and aviation promoter (d. 1968)
- December 3 - Anton Webern, Austrian composer (d. 1945)
- December 13 - Belle da Costa Greene, librarian, bibliographer, archivist (d. 1950)
- December 16 ? Max Linder, French actor (d. 1925)
- December 22 - Edgar Varèse, French composer (d. 1965)
- December 25 - Maurice Utrillo, French artist and illustrator (d. 1955)

Unknown date


- Alberto Gerchunoff, Argentine writer (d. 1949)
- T. F. O'Rahilly, Irish academic
- Lothrop Stoddard, American eugenicist and racist (d. 1950)

Deaths


- January 10 - Samuel Mudd, American doctor to John Wilkes Booth (b. 1833)
- January 23 - Gustave Doré, French artist (b. 1832)
- January 24 - Friedrich von Flotow, German composer (b. 1812)
- February 13 - Richard Wagner, German composer (b. 1813)
- February 17 - Napoleon Coste, French guitarist and composer (b. 1806)
- March 14 - Karl Marx, German philosopher (b. 1818)
- April 30 - Edouard Manet, French painter (b. 1832)
- May 24 - Abdel Kadir, Algerian leader (b. 1808)
- May 26 - Edward Sabine, Irish astronomer (b. 1788)
- July 22 - Edward Ord, U.S. Army officer (b. 1818)
- September 3 - Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (b. 1818)
- October 30 - Robert Volkmann, German composer (b. 1815)
- December 13 - Victor de Laprade, French poet and critic (b. 1812) Category:1883 ko:1883년 ms:1883 simple:1883 th:พ.ศ. 2426

Bow River

The Bow River is a river in the Canadian province of Alberta. The river's source is in the Bow Glacier and Bow Lake in the Canadian Rockies. It flows through Banff National Park, then the city of Calgary and continues on to form the South Saskatchewan River when the Bow joins with the Oldman River near Grassy Lake. Its total length is 623 kilometres. This river is an important source of drinking water, water for irrigation and hydroelectric power. It also provides habitat for wildlife and opportunities for recreation such as fishing and boating. Tributaries include the
- Pipestone
- Spray
- Cascade
- Kananaskis
- Ghost
- Elbow
- Highwood The river got its name because trees grew along it which Aboriginal peoples used to make bows.

External link


- http://www.brbc.ab.ca/aboutbas.asp Bow River Basin Council Category:Rivers of Alberta ja:ボウ川

2000

This article is about the year 2000. For other uses of 2000, see 2000 (number) or 2000 (breakdancing move). 2000 (MM) is a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. Popular culture also holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium. By strict interpretation of the Gregorian Calendar, however, this distinction falls to the year 2001. This is due to the fact that the first century began with the year 1, and there does not exist a year zero. The first century (or first 100 years AD) was from January 1, in the year one (1 AD) through December 31, in the year one-hundred (100 AD). The second century began on January 1, in the year one-hundred and one (101 AD). The year 2000 is also marked as:
- The International Year for a Culture of Peace.
- The World Mathematical Year. See also Wikipedia's almanac of events for this year.

Events

January


- January 1 - Millennium celebrations take place throughout the world. Y2K passes without the serious, widespread computer failures and malfunctions that had been predicted.
- January 5-January 8 - The 2000 al-Qaida Summit
- January 6 - The last remaining Pyrenean Ibex is found dead.
- January 10 - America On-line announces an agreement to buy Time Warner for $162 billion. This is the largest-ever corporate merger.
- January 11 - the armed wing of Islamic Salvation Front concludes its negotiations with the government for an amnesty and disbands in Algeria.
- January 11 - The trawler Solway Harvester sinks off the Isle of Man.
- January 14 - A United Nations tribunal sentences five Bosnian Croats up to 25 years for the 1993 killing of over 100 Bosnian Muslims in a Bosnian village.
- January 16 - In Sacramento, California a commercial truck carrying evaporated milk is driven into the state capitol building killing the driver.
- January 24 - God's Army, Karen militia group led by twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, take 700 hostages at a Thai hospital near the Burmese border.
- January 30 - St. Louis Rams 23 defeat the Tennessee Titans 16 to win the Super_Bowl_XXXIV
- January 30 - Off the coast of